https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/
ncurses(3x) Library calls ncurses(3x)
ncurses - character-cell terminal interface with optimized output
#include <curses.h>
The "new curses" library offers the programmer a terminal-independent
means of reading keyboard and mouse input and writing to character-cell
displays with output optimized to minimize screen updates. ncurses
replaces the curses libraries from System V Release 4 Unix ("SVr4") and
4.4BSD Unix, the development of which ceased in the 1990s. This
document describes ncurses version 6.5 (patch 20251004).
ncurses permits control of the terminal screen's contents; abstraction
and subdivision thereof with windows and pads; acquisition of keyboard
and mouse events; selection of color and rendering attributes (such as
bold or underline); the definition and use of soft label keys; access
to the terminfo terminal capability database; a termcap compatibility
interface; and an abstraction of the system's API for manipulating the
terminal (such as termios(3)).
ncurses implements the interface described by X/Open Curses Issue 7.
In many behavioral details not standardized by X/Open, ncurses emulates
the curses library of SVr4 and provides numerous useful extensions.
ncurses man pages employ several sections to clarify matters of usage
and interoperability with other curses implementations.
o "NOTES" describes issues and caveats of which any user of the
ncurses API should be aware, such as limitations on the size of an
underlying integral type or the availability of a preprocessor
macro exclusive of a function definition (which prevents its
address from being taken). This section also describes
implementation details of significance to the programmer but which
are not standardized.
o "EXTENSIONS" presents ncurses innovations beyond the X/Open Curses
standard and/or the SVr4 curses implementation. They are termed
extensions to indicate that they cannot be implemented solely by
using the library API, but require access to the library's internal
state.
o "PORTABILITY" discusses matters (beyond the exercise of extensions)
that should be considered when writing to a curses standard, or for
multiple implementations.
o "HISTORY" examines points of detail in ncurses and other curses
implementations over the decades of their development, particularly
where precedent or inertia have frustrated better design (and, in a
few cases, where such inertia has been overcome).
A curses application must be linked with the library; use the -lncurses
option to your compiler or linker. A debugging version of the library
may be available; if so, link with it using -lncurses_g. (Your system
integrator may have installed these libraries such that you can use the
options -lcurses and -lcurses_g, respectively.) The ncurses_g library
logs events describing ncurses actions to a file called trace in the
application's working directory at startup. See section "ALTERNATE
CONFIGURATIONS" below.
A curses application uses information from the system locale;
setlocale(3) prepares it for curses library calls.
setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
If the locale is not thus initialized, the library assumes that
characters are printable as in ISO 8859-1, to work with certain legacy
programs. You should initialize the locale; do not expect consistent
behavior from the library when the locale has not been set up.
initscr(3x) or newterm(3x) must be called to initialize curses before
use of any functions that access or manipulate windows or screens.
To get character-at-a-time input without echoing -- most interactive,
screen-oriented programs want this -- use the following sequence.
initscr(); cbreak(); noecho();
Most applications would perform further setup as follows.
noqiflush();
keypad(stdscr, TRUE);
A curses program then often enters an event-handling loop. Call
endwin(3x) before exiting.
A curses library abstracts the terminal with a SCREEN data structure,
and represents all or part of its display with WINDOW structures.
Distinct properties apply to each; for example, the line discipline of
a typical Unix terminal driver is in one of three modes: raw, cbreak,
or canonical ("cooked"). In curses, the line discipline is a property
of the screen, applying identically to all windows associated with it.
A window is a rectangular grid of character cells, addressed by line
and column coordinates (y, x), with the upper left corner as (0, 0). A
window called stdscr, by default the same size as the terminal screen,
is always available. Create others with newwin(3x).
A curses library does not manage overlapping windows (but see below).
You can either use stdscr to manage one screen-filling window, or tile
the screen into non-overlapping windows and not use stdscr at all.
Mixing the two approaches will result in unpredictable and undesired
effects.
Functions permit manipulation of a window and the cursor identifying
the cell within it at which the next operation will occur. Among
those, the most basic are move(3x) and addch(3x): these place the
cursor within and write a character to stdscr, respectively.
Frequent changes to the terminal screen can cause unpleasant flicker or
inefficient use of the communication channel to the device, so as a
rule the library does not update it automatically. Therefore, after
using curses functions to accumulate a set of desired updates that make
sense to present together, call refresh(3x) to tell the library to make
the user's screen look like stdscr. The library optimizes its output
by computing a minimal volume of operations to mutate the screen from
its state at the previous refresh to the new one. Effective
optimization demands accurate information about the terminal device:
the management of such information is the province of the terminfo(3x)
API, a feature of every standard curses implementation.
Special windows called pads may also be manipulated. These are not
constrained to the size of the terminal screen and their contents need
not be completely displayed. See curs_pad(3x).
Many terminals support configuration of character cell foreground and
background colors as well as attributes, which cause characters to
render in such modes as boldfaced, underlined, or in reverse video.
See curs_color(3x) and curs_attr(3x).
curses defines constants to simplify access to a small set of forms-
drawing graphics corresponding to the DEC Alternate Character Set
(ACS), a feature of VT100 and other terminals. See addch(3x).
curses is implemented using the operating system's terminal driver; key
events are received not as scan codes but as byte sequences. The
driver reports graphical keycaps (alphanumeric and punctuation keys,
and the space) as-is. Everything else, including the tab,
enter/return, keypad, arrow, and function keys, appears to curses as a
control character or a multibyte escape sequence. curses can translate
the latter into unique key codes. See keypad(3x) and getch(3x).
ncurses provides reimplementations of the SVr4 panel(3x), form(3x), and
menu(3x) libraries; they permit overlapping windows and ease
construction of user interfaces with curses.
The selection of an appropriate value of TERM in the process
environment is essential to correct curses and terminfo library
operation. A well-configured system selects a correct TERM value
automatically; tset(1) may assist with troubleshooting exotic
situations.
If you change the terminal type from a shell, export TERM , then run
tset(1) or the "tput init" command. See subsection "Tabs and
Initialization" of terminfo(5).
If the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS are set, or if the
curses program is executing in a graphical windowing environment, the
information obtained thence overrides that obtained by terminfo. An
ncurses extension supports resizable terminal displays; see
wresize(3x).
If the environment variable TERMINFO is defined, a curses program
checks first for a terminal type description in the location it
identifies. TERMINFO is useful for developing type descriptions or
when write permission to /usr/share/terminfo is not available.
See section "ENVIRONMENT" below.
curses offers many functions in variant forms using a regular set of
alternatives to the name of an elemental one. Those prefixed with "w"
require a WINDOW pointer argument; those with a "mv" prefix first
perform cursor movement using wmove(3x); a "mvw" prefix indicates both.
The "w" function is typically the elemental one; the removal of this
prefix usually indicates operation on stdscr.
Four functions prefixed with "p" require a pad argument; see below.
In function synopses, ncurses man pages apply the following names to
parameters. We introduce the character types in the next subsection.
bf a bool (TRUE or FALSE)
c a char or int
ch a chtype
wc a wchar_t or wint_t
wch a cchar_t
win pointer to a WINDOW
pad pointer to a WINDOW that is a pad
pair a foreground/background color pair identifier
This man page primarily surveys functions that appear in any
configuration of the library. There are two common configurations; for
others, see section "ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS" below.
ncurses is the library in its "non-wide" configuration, handling only
eight-bit characters. It stores a character combined with
attributes and a color pair identifier in a chtype datum,
which is often an alias of int. A string of curses
characters is similar to a C char string; a chtype string
ends with an integral 0, the null curses character.
Attributes and a color pair identifier (with no corresponding
character) can be stored in variables of chtype or attr_t
type. In either case, they are accessed via an integral bit
mask.
ncurses stores each cell of a WINDOW as a chtype. X/Open
Curses does not specify the sizes of the character code or
color pair identifier, nor the quantity of attribute bits, in
chtype; these are implementation-dependent. ncurses uses
eight bits for the character code. An application requiring
a wider character type, for instance to represent Unicode,
should use the wide-character API.
ncursesw is the library in its "wide" configuration, which handles
character encodings requiring a larger data type than char (a
byte-sized type) can represent. It provides additional
functions that complement those in the non-wide library where
the size of the underlying character type is significant. A
somewhat regular naming convention relates many of the wide
variants to their non-wide counterparts; where a non-wide
function name contains "ch" or "str", prefix it with "_w" to
obtain the wide counterpart. For example, waddch becomes
wadd_wch. An exception is ins_nwstr (and its variants),
spelled thus instead of "insn_wstr". (Exceptions that add
only "w" comprise addwstr, inwstr, and their variants.)
This convention is inapplicable to some non-wide function
names, so other transformations are used for the wide
configuration: the window background management function
"bkgd" becomes "bkgrnd"; the window border-drawing and
-clearing functions are suffixed with "_set"; and character
attribute manipulation functions like "attron" become
"attr_on".
cchar_t is a curses complex character and corresponds to the
non-wide-character configuration's chtype. It is a
structure type because it requires more storage than
a standard scalar type offers. A character code may
not be representable as a char, and moreover more
than one character may occupy a cell (as with accent
marks and other diacritics). Each character is of
type wchar_t; a complex character contains one
spacing character and zero or more non-spacing
characters (see below). A string of complex
characters ends with a cchar_t whose wchar_t member
is the null wide character. Attributes and a color
pair identifier are stored in separate fields of the
structure, not combined into an integer as in
chtype.
ncurses stores each cell of a WINDOW as a cchar_t.
setcchar(3x) and getcchar(3x) store and retrieve cchar_t
data.
The wide library API of ncurses depends on two data types
standardized by ISO C95.
wchar_t stores a wide character. Like chtype, it may be an
alias of int. Depending on the character encoding,
a wide character may be spacing, meaning that it
occupies a character cell by itself and typically
accompanies cursor advancement, or non-spacing,
meaning that it occupies the same cell as a spacing
character, is often regarded as a "modifier" of the
base glyph with which it combines, and typically
does not advance the cursor.
wint_t can store a wchar_t or the constant WEOF,
analogously to the int-sized character manipulation
functions of ISO C and its constant EOF.
The following table lists the curses functions provided in the non-wide
and wide APIs and the corresponding man pages that describe them.
Those flagged with "*" are ncurses-specific, neither described by
X/Open Curses nor present in SVr4.
curses Function Name Man Page
---------------------------------------------
COLOR_PAIR curs_color(3x)
PAIR_NUMBER curs_color(3x)
add_wch curs_add_wch(3x)
add_wchnstr curs_add_wchstr(3x)
add_wchstr curs_add_wchstr(3x)
addch curs_addch(3x)
addchnstr curs_addchstr(3x)
addchstr curs_addchstr(3x)
addnstr curs_addstr(3x)
addnwstr curs_addwstr(3x)
addstr curs_addstr(3x)
addwstr curs_addwstr(3x)
alloc_pair new_pair(3x)*
assume_default_colors default_colors(3x)*
attr_get curs_attr(3x)
attr_off curs_attr(3x)
attr_on curs_attr(3x)
attr_set curs_attr(3x)
attroff curs_attr(3x)
attron curs_attr(3x)
attrset curs_attr(3x)
baudrate curs_termattrs(3x)
beep curs_beep(3x)
bkgd curs_bkgd(3x)
bkgdset curs_bkgd(3x)
bkgrnd curs_bkgrnd(3x)
bkgrndset curs_bkgrnd(3x)
border curs_border(3x)
border_set curs_border_set(3x)
box curs_border(3x)
box_set curs_border_set(3x)
can_change_color curs_color(3x)
cbreak curs_inopts(3x)
chgat curs_attr(3x)
clear curs_clear(3x)
clearok curs_outopts(3x)
clrtobot curs_clear(3x)
clrtoeol curs_clear(3x)
color_content curs_color(3x)
color_set curs_attr(3x)
copywin curs_overlay(3x)
curs_set curs_kernel(3x)
curses_trace curs_trace(3x)*
curses_version curs_extend(3x)*
def_prog_mode curs_kernel(3x)
def_shell_mode curs_kernel(3x)
define_key define_key(3x)*
del_curterm curs_terminfo(3x)
delay_output curs_util(3x)
delch curs_delch(3x)
deleteln curs_deleteln(3x)
delscreen curs_initscr(3x)
delwin curs_window(3x)
derwin curs_window(3x)
doupdate curs_refresh(3x)
dupwin curs_window(3x)
echo curs_inopts(3x)
echo_wchar curs_add_wch(3x)
echochar curs_addch(3x)
endwin curs_initscr(3x)
erase curs_clear(3x)
erasechar curs_termattrs(3x)
erasewchar curs_termattrs(3x)
exit_curses curs_memleaks(3x)*
exit_terminfo curs_memleaks(3x)*
extended_color_content curs_color(3x)*
extended_pair_content curs_color(3x)*
extended_slk_color curs_slk(3x)*
filter curs_util(3x)
find_pair new_pair(3x)*
flash curs_beep(3x)
flushinp curs_util(3x)
free_pair new_pair(3x)*
get_escdelay curs_threads(3x)*
get_wch curs_get_wch(3x)
get_wstr curs_get_wstr(3x)
getattrs curs_attr(3x)
getbegx curs_legacy(3x)*
getbegy curs_legacy(3x)*
getbegyx curs_getyx(3x)
getbkgd curs_bkgd(3x)
getbkgrnd curs_bkgrnd(3x)
getcchar curs_getcchar(3x)
getch curs_getch(3x)
getcurx curs_legacy(3x)*
getcury curs_legacy(3x)*
getmaxx curs_legacy(3x)*
getmaxy curs_legacy(3x)*
getmaxyx curs_getyx(3x)
getmouse curs_mouse(3x)*
getn_wstr curs_get_wstr(3x)
getnstr curs_getstr(3x)
getparx curs_legacy(3x)*
getpary curs_legacy(3x)*
getparyx curs_getyx(3x)
getstr curs_getstr(3x)
getsyx curs_kernel(3x)
getwin curs_util(3x)
getyx curs_getyx(3x)
halfdelay curs_inopts(3x)
has_colors curs_color(3x)
has_ic curs_termattrs(3x)
has_il curs_termattrs(3x)
has_key curs_getch(3x)*
has_mouse curs_mouse(3x)*
hline curs_border(3x)
hline_set curs_border_set(3x)
idcok curs_outopts(3x)
idlok curs_outopts(3x)
immedok curs_outopts(3x)
in_wch curs_in_wch(3x)
in_wchnstr curs_in_wchstr(3x)
in_wchstr curs_in_wchstr(3x)
inch curs_inch(3x)
inchnstr curs_inchstr(3x)
inchstr curs_inchstr(3x)
init_color curs_color(3x)
init_extended_color curs_color(3x)*
init_extended_pair curs_color(3x)*
init_pair curs_color(3x)
initscr curs_initscr(3x)
innstr curs_instr(3x)
innwstr curs_inwstr(3x)
ins_nwstr curs_ins_wstr(3x)
ins_wch curs_ins_wch(3x)
ins_wstr curs_ins_wstr(3x)
insch curs_insch(3x)
insdelln curs_deleteln(3x)
insertln curs_deleteln(3x)
insnstr curs_insstr(3x)
insstr curs_insstr(3x)
instr curs_instr(3x)
intrflush curs_inopts(3x)
inwstr curs_inwstr(3x)
is_cbreak curs_inopts(3x)*
is_cleared curs_opaque(3x)*
is_echo curs_inopts(3x)*
is_idcok curs_opaque(3x)*
is_idlok curs_opaque(3x)*
is_immedok curs_opaque(3x)*
is_keypad curs_opaque(3x)*
is_leaveok curs_opaque(3x)*
is_linetouched curs_touch(3x)
is_nl curs_inopts(3x)*
is_nodelay curs_opaque(3x)*
is_notimeout curs_opaque(3x)*
is_pad curs_opaque(3x)*
is_raw curs_inopts(3x)*
is_scrollok curs_opaque(3x)*
is_subwin curs_opaque(3x)*
is_syncok curs_opaque(3x)*
is_term_resized resizeterm(3x)*
is_wintouched curs_touch(3x)
isendwin curs_initscr(3x)
key_defined key_defined(3x)*
key_name curs_util(3x)
keybound keybound(3x)*
keyname curs_util(3x)
keyok keyok(3x)*
keypad curs_inopts(3x)
killchar curs_termattrs(3x)
killwchar curs_termattrs(3x)
leaveok curs_outopts(3x)
longname curs_termattrs(3x)
mcprint curs_print(3x)*
meta curs_inopts(3x)
mouse_trafo curs_mouse(3x)*
mouseinterval curs_mouse(3x)*
mousemask curs_mouse(3x)*
move curs_move(3x)
mvadd_wch curs_add_wch(3x)
mvadd_wchnstr curs_add_wchstr(3x)
mvadd_wchstr curs_add_wchstr(3x)
mvaddch curs_addch(3x)
mvaddchnstr curs_addchstr(3x)
mvaddchstr curs_addchstr(3x)
mvaddnstr curs_addstr(3x)
mvaddnwstr curs_addwstr(3x)
mvaddstr curs_addstr(3x)
mvaddwstr curs_addwstr(3x)
mvchgat curs_attr(3x)
mvcur curs_kernel(3x)
mvdelch curs_delch(3x)
mvderwin curs_window(3x)
mvget_wch curs_get_wch(3x)
mvget_wstr curs_get_wstr(3x)
mvgetch curs_getch(3x)
mvgetn_wstr curs_get_wstr(3x)
mvgetnstr curs_getstr(3x)
mvgetstr curs_getstr(3x)
mvhline curs_border(3x)
mvhline_set curs_border_set(3x)
mvin_wch curs_in_wch(3x)
mvin_wchnstr curs_in_wchstr(3x)
mvin_wchstr curs_in_wchstr(3x)
mvinch curs_inch(3x)
mvinchnstr curs_inchstr(3x)
mvinchstr curs_inchstr(3x)
mvinnstr curs_instr(3x)
mvinnwstr curs_inwstr(3x)
mvins_nwstr curs_ins_wstr(3x)
mvins_wch curs_ins_wch(3x)
mvins_wstr curs_ins_wstr(3x)
mvinsch curs_insch(3x)
mvinsnstr curs_insstr(3x)
mvinsstr curs_insstr(3x)
mvinstr curs_instr(3x)
mvinwstr curs_inwstr(3x)
mvprintw curs_printw(3x)
mvscanw curs_scanw(3x)
mvvline curs_border(3x)
mvvline_set curs_border_set(3x)
mvwadd_wch curs_add_wch(3x)
mvwadd_wchnstr curs_add_wchstr(3x)
mvwadd_wchstr curs_add_wchstr(3x)
mvwaddch curs_addch(3x)
mvwaddchnstr curs_addchstr(3x)
mvwaddchstr curs_addchstr(3x)
mvwaddnstr curs_addstr(3x)
mvwaddnwstr curs_addwstr(3x)
mvwaddstr curs_addstr(3x)
mvwaddwstr curs_addwstr(3x)
mvwchgat curs_attr(3x)
mvwdelch curs_delch(3x)
mvwget_wch curs_get_wch(3x)
mvwget_wstr curs_get_wstr(3x)
mvwgetch curs_getch(3x)
mvwgetn_wstr curs_get_wstr(3x)
mvwgetnstr curs_getstr(3x)
mvwgetstr curs_getstr(3x)
mvwhline curs_border(3x)
mvwhline_set curs_border_set(3x)
mvwin curs_window(3x)
mvwin_wch curs_in_wch(3x)
mvwin_wchnstr curs_in_wchstr(3x)
mvwin_wchstr curs_in_wchstr(3x)
mvwinch curs_inch(3x)
mvwinchnstr curs_inchstr(3x)
mvwinchstr curs_inchstr(3x)
mvwinnstr curs_instr(3x)
mvwinnwstr curs_inwstr(3x)
mvwins_nwstr curs_ins_wstr(3x)
mvwins_wch curs_ins_wch(3x)
mvwins_wstr curs_ins_wstr(3x)
mvwinsch curs_insch(3x)
mvwinsnstr curs_insstr(3x)
mvwinsstr curs_insstr(3x)
mvwinstr curs_instr(3x)
mvwinwstr curs_inwstr(3x)
mvwprintw curs_printw(3x)
mvwscanw curs_scanw(3x)
mvwvline curs_border(3x)
mvwvline_set curs_border_set(3x)
napms curs_kernel(3x)
newpad curs_pad(3x)
newterm curs_initscr(3x)
newwin curs_window(3x)
nl curs_inopts(3x)
nocbreak curs_inopts(3x)
nodelay curs_inopts(3x)
noecho curs_inopts(3x)
nofilter curs_util(3x)*
nonl curs_inopts(3x)
noqiflush curs_inopts(3x)
noraw curs_inopts(3x)
notimeout curs_inopts(3x)
overlay curs_overlay(3x)
overwrite curs_overlay(3x)
pair_content curs_color(3x)
pecho_wchar curs_pad(3x)
pechochar curs_pad(3x)
pnoutrefresh curs_pad(3x)
prefresh curs_pad(3x)
printw curs_printw(3x)
putp curs_terminfo(3x)
putwin curs_util(3x)
qiflush curs_inopts(3x)
raw curs_inopts(3x)
redrawwin curs_refresh(3x)
refresh curs_refresh(3x)
reset_color_pairs curs_color(3x)*
reset_prog_mode curs_kernel(3x)
reset_shell_mode curs_kernel(3x)
resetty curs_kernel(3x)
resize_term resizeterm(3x)*
resizeterm resizeterm(3x)*
restartterm curs_terminfo(3x)
ripoffline curs_kernel(3x)
savetty curs_kernel(3x)
scanw curs_scanw(3x)
scr_dump curs_scr_dump(3x)
scr_init curs_scr_dump(3x)
scr_restore curs_scr_dump(3x)
scr_set curs_scr_dump(3x)
scrl curs_scroll(3x)
scroll curs_scroll(3x)
scrollok curs_outopts(3x)
set_curterm curs_terminfo(3x)
set_escdelay curs_threads(3x)*
set_tabsize curs_threads(3x)*
set_term curs_initscr(3x)
setcchar curs_getcchar(3x)
setscrreg curs_outopts(3x)
setsyx curs_kernel(3x)
setupterm curs_terminfo(3x)
slk_attr curs_slk(3x)*
slk_attr_off curs_slk(3x)
slk_attr_on curs_slk(3x)
slk_attr_set curs_slk(3x)
slk_attroff curs_slk(3x)
slk_attron curs_slk(3x)
slk_attrset curs_slk(3x)
slk_clear curs_slk(3x)
slk_color curs_slk(3x)
slk_init curs_slk(3x)
slk_label curs_slk(3x)
slk_noutrefresh curs_slk(3x)
slk_refresh curs_slk(3x)
slk_restore curs_slk(3x)
slk_set curs_slk(3x)
slk_touch curs_slk(3x)
slk_wset curs_slk(3x)
standend curs_attr(3x)
standout curs_attr(3x)
start_color curs_color(3x)
subpad curs_pad(3x)
subwin curs_window(3x)
syncok curs_window(3x)
term_attrs curs_termattrs(3x)
termattrs curs_termattrs(3x)
termname curs_termattrs(3x)
tgetent curs_termcap(3x)
tgetflag curs_termcap(3x)
tgetnum curs_termcap(3x)
tgetstr curs_termcap(3x)
tgoto curs_termcap(3x)
tigetflag curs_terminfo(3x)
tigetnum curs_terminfo(3x)
tigetstr curs_terminfo(3x)
timeout curs_inopts(3x)
tiparm curs_terminfo(3x)
tiparm_s curs_terminfo(3x)*
tiscan_s curs_terminfo(3x)*
touchline curs_touch(3x)
touchwin curs_touch(3x)
tparm curs_terminfo(3x)
tputs curs_termcap(3x)
tputs curs_terminfo(3x)
trace curs_trace(3x)*
typeahead curs_inopts(3x)
unctrl curs_util(3x)
unget_wch curs_get_wch(3x)
ungetch curs_getch(3x)
ungetmouse curs_mouse(3x)*
untouchwin curs_touch(3x)
use_default_colors default_colors(3x)*
use_env curs_util(3x)
use_extended_names curs_extend(3x)*
use_legacy_coding legacy_coding(3x)*
use_screen curs_threads(3x)*
use_tioctl curs_util(3x)*
use_window curs_threads(3x)*
vid_attr curs_terminfo(3x)
vid_puts curs_terminfo(3x)
vidattr curs_terminfo(3x)
vidputs curs_terminfo(3x)
vline curs_border(3x)
vline_set curs_border_set(3x)
vw_printw curs_printw(3x)
vw_scanw curs_scanw(3x)
vwprintw curs_printw(3x)
vwscanw curs_scanw(3x)
wadd_wch curs_add_wch(3x)
wadd_wchnstr curs_add_wchstr(3x)
wadd_wchstr curs_add_wchstr(3x)
waddch curs_addch(3x)
waddchnstr curs_addchstr(3x)
waddchstr curs_addchstr(3x)
waddnstr curs_addstr(3x)
waddnwstr curs_addwstr(3x)
waddstr curs_addstr(3x)
waddwstr curs_addwstr(3x)
wattr_get curs_attr(3x)
wattr_off curs_attr(3x)
wattr_on curs_attr(3x)
wattr_set curs_attr(3x)
wattroff curs_attr(3x)
wattron curs_attr(3x)
wattrset curs_attr(3x)
wbkgd curs_bkgd(3x)
wbkgdset curs_bkgd(3x)
wbkgrnd curs_bkgrnd(3x)
wbkgrndset curs_bkgrnd(3x)
wborder curs_border(3x)
wborder_set curs_border_set(3x)
wchgat curs_attr(3x)
wclear curs_clear(3x)
wclrtobot curs_clear(3x)
wclrtoeol curs_clear(3x)
wcolor_set curs_attr(3x)
wcursyncup curs_window(3x)
wdelch curs_delch(3x)
wdeleteln curs_deleteln(3x)
wecho_wchar curs_add_wch(3x)
wechochar curs_addch(3x)
wenclose curs_mouse(3x)*
werase curs_clear(3x)
wget_wch curs_get_wch(3x)
wget_wstr curs_get_wstr(3x)
wgetbkgrnd curs_bkgrnd(3x)
wgetch curs_getch(3x)
wgetdelay curs_opaque(3x)*
wgetn_wstr curs_get_wstr(3x)
wgetnstr curs_getstr(3x)
wgetparent curs_opaque(3x)*
wgetscrreg curs_opaque(3x)*
wgetstr curs_getstr(3x)
whline curs_border(3x)
whline_set curs_border_set(3x)
win_wch curs_in_wch(3x)
win_wchnstr curs_in_wchstr(3x)
win_wchstr curs_in_wchstr(3x)
winch curs_inch(3x)
winchnstr curs_inchstr(3x)
winchstr curs_inchstr(3x)
winnstr curs_instr(3x)
winnwstr curs_inwstr(3x)
wins_nwstr curs_ins_wstr(3x)
wins_wch curs_ins_wch(3x)
wins_wstr curs_ins_wstr(3x)
winsch curs_insch(3x)
winsdelln curs_deleteln(3x)
winsertln curs_deleteln(3x)
winsnstr curs_insstr(3x)
winsstr curs_insstr(3x)
winstr curs_instr(3x)
winwstr curs_inwstr(3x)
wmouse_trafo curs_mouse(3x)*
wmove curs_move(3x)
wnoutrefresh curs_refresh(3x)
wprintw curs_printw(3x)
wredrawln curs_refresh(3x)
wrefresh curs_refresh(3x)
wresize wresize(3x)*
wscanw curs_scanw(3x)
wscrl curs_scroll(3x)
wsetscrreg curs_outopts(3x)
wstandend curs_attr(3x)
wstandout curs_attr(3x)
wsyncdown curs_window(3x)
wsyncup curs_window(3x)
wtimeout curs_inopts(3x)
wtouchln curs_touch(3x)
wunctrl curs_util(3x)
wvline curs_border(3x)
wvline_set curs_border_set(3x)
ncurses's screen-pointer extension adds additional functions
corresponding to many of the above, each with an "_sp" suffix; see
curs_sp_funcs(3x).
The availability of some extensions is configurable when ncurses is
compiled; see sections "ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS" and "EXTENSIONS"
below.
Unless otherwise noted, functions that return integers return the
constants OK on success and ERR on failure; see curs_variables(3x).
Functions that return pointers return a null pointer on failure.
Typically, ncurses treats a null pointer passed as a function parameter
as a failure. Functions prefixed with "mv" first perform cursor
movement and fail if the position (y, x) is outside the window
boundaries.
The following symbols from the process environment customize the
runtime behavior of ncurses applications. The library may be
configured to disregard the variables TERMINFO, TERMINFO_DIRS,
TERMPATH, and HOME, if the user is the superuser (root), or the
application uses setuid(2) or setgid(2).
The debugging library checks this variable when the application has
redirected output to a file. ncurses interprets its integral value as
the terminal's line speed in bits per second. If that value is absent
or invalid, ncurses uses 9600. This feature allows developers to
construct repeatable test cases that take into account optimization
decisions that depend on the terminal's line speed.
When set, the command_character (cmdch) capability value of loaded
terminfo entries changes to the value of this variable. Very few term-
info entries provide this feature.
Because this name is also used in development environments to store the
C compiler's name, ncurses ignores its value if it is not one character
in length.
This variable specifies the width of the screen in character cells.
Applications running in a windowing environment usually are able to
obtain the width of the window in which they are executing. ncurses
enforces an upper limit of 512 when reading the value. If COLUMNS is
not defined and the terminal's screen size is not available from the
terminal driver, ncurses uses the size specified by the columns (cols)
capability of the terminal type's entry in the terminfo database, if
any.
It is important that your application use the correct screen size.
Automatic detection thereof is not always possible because an
application may be running on a host that does not honor NAWS
(Negotiations About Window Size) or as a different user ID than the
owner of the terminal device file. Setting COLUMNS and/or LINES
overrides the library's use of the screen size obtained from the
operating system.
The COLUMNS and LINES variables may be specified independently. This
property is useful to circumvent misfeatures of legacy terminal type
descriptions; xterm(1) descriptions specifying 65 lines were once
notorious. For best results, avoid specifying cols and lines
capability codes in terminfo descriptions of terminal emulators.
use_env(3x) can disable use of the process environment in determining
the screen size. use_tioctl(3x) can update COLUMNS and LINES to match
the screen size obtained from system calls or the terminal database.
For curses to distinguish the ESC character resulting from a user's
press of the "Escape" key on the input device from one beginning an
escape sequence (as commonly produced by function keys), it waits after
receiving the escape character to see if further characters are
available on the input stream within a short interval. A global
variable ESCDELAY stores this interval in milliseconds. The default
value of 1000 (one second) is adequate for most uses. This environment
variable overrides it; ncurses enforces an upper limit of 30,000 (30
seconds) when reading the value.
The most common instance where you may wish to change this value is to
work with a remote host over a slow communication channel. If the host
running a curses application does not receive the characters of an
escape sequence in a timely manner, the library can interpret them as
multiple key stroke events. Conversely, a fast typist on a low-latency
connection who happens to input an ESC followed by characters that
match an escape sequence may experience confusing application behavior.
xterm(1) mouse events are a form of escape sequence; therefore, if your
application makes heavy use of multiple-clicking, you may wish to
lengthen the default value because the delay applies to the composite
multi-click event as well as the individual clicks.
Portable applications should not rely upon the presence of ESCDELAY in
either form, but setting the environment variable rather than the
global variable does not create problems when compiling an application.
If keypad(3x) is disabled for the curses window receiving input,
ESCDELAY is irrelevant and a program must disambiguate escape sequences
itself.
ncurses may read and write auxiliary terminal descriptions in .termcap
and .terminfo files in the user's home directory.
This counterpart to COLUMNS specifies the height of the screen in
characters. The corresponding terminfo capability and code is lines.
See the description of the COLUMNS variable above.
(OS/2 EMX port only) OS/2 numbers a three-button mouse inconsistently
with other platforms, such that 1 is the left button, 2 the right, and
3 the middle. This variable customizes the mouse button numbering.
Its value must be three digits 1-3 in any order. By default, ncurses
assumes a numbering of "132".
If set, this variable overrides the ncurses library's compiled-in
assumption that the terminal's default colors are white on black; see
default_colors(3x). Set the foreground and background color values
with this environment variable by assigning it two integer values
separated by a comma, indicating foregound and background color
numbers, respectively.
For example, to tell ncurses not to assume anything about the colors,
use a value of "-1,-1". To make the default color scheme green on
black on a terminal that uses ANSI X3.64/ECMA-48/ISO 6429 color
assignments, use "2,0". ncurses accepts integral values from -1 up to
the value of the terminfo max_colors (colors) capability for the
selected terminal type.
(MinGW port only) The Console2 program defectively handles the
Microsoft Console API call CreateConsoleScreenBuffer. Applications
that use it will hang. However, it is possible to simulate the action
of this call by mapping coordinates, explicitly saving and restoring
the original screen contents. Setting the environment variable NCGDB
has the same effect.
(Linux only) When ncurses is configured to use the GPM interface, this
variable may list one or more terminal type names, delimited by
vertical bars (|) or colons (:), against which the TERM variable (see
below) is matched. An empty value disables the GPM interface, using
ncurses's built-in support for xterm(1) mouse protocols instead. If
the variable is absent, ncurses attempts to open GPM if TERM contains
"linux".
ncurses may use tab characters in cursor movement optimization. In
some cases, your terminal driver may not handle them properly. Set
this environment variable to any value to disable the feature. You can
also adjust your stty(1) settings to avoid the problem.
Many terminals store video attributes as properties of a character
cell, as curses does. Historically, some recorded changes in video
attributes as data that logically (but invisibly) occupied character
cells on the display, switching attributes on or off, similarly to tags
in a markup language, which then had to be overprinted to depict the
cells' desired contents; these are termed "magic cookies". If the
terminfo entry for your terminal type does not adequately describe its
handling of magic cookies, set this variable to any value to instruct
ncurses to disable attributes entirely.
Most terminal type descriptions in the terminfo database detail
hardware devices. Many people use curses-based applications in
terminal emulator programs that run in a windowing environment. These
programs can duplicate all of the important features of a hardware
terminal, but often lack their limitations. Chief among these absent
drawbacks is the problem of data flow management; that is, limiting the
speed of communication to what the hardware could handle. Unless a
hardware terminal is interfaced into a terminal concentrator (which
does flow control), an application must manage flow itself to prevent
overruns and data loss.
A solution that comes at no hardware cost is for an application to
pause transmission after directing a terminal to execute an operation
that it performs slowly, such as clearing the display. Many terminal
type descriptions, including that for the VT100, embed delay
specifications in capabilities. You may wish to use these terminal
descriptions without paying the performance penalty. Set
NCURSES_NO_PADDING to any value to disable all but mandatory padding.
Mandatory padding is used by such terminal capabilities as flash_screen
(flash).
(Obsolete) Prior to internal changes developed in ncurses 5.9 (patches
20120825 through 20130126), the library used setbuf(3) to enable fully
buffered output when initializing the terminal. This was done, as in
SVr4 curses, to increase performance. For testing purposes, both of
ncurses and of certain applications, this feature was made optional.
Setting this variable disabled output buffering, leaving the output
stream in the original (usually line-buffered) mode.
Nowadays, ncurses performs its own buffering and does not require this
workaround; it does not modify the buffering of the standard output
stream. This approach makes the library's handling of keyboard-
initiated signals more robust. A drawback is that certain
unconventional programs mixed stdio(3) calls with ncurses calls and
(usually) got the behavior they expected. This is no longer the case;
ncurses does not write to the standard output file descriptor through a
stdio-buffered stream.
As a special case, low-level API calls such as putp(3x) still use the
standard output stream. High-level curses calls such as printw(3x) do
not.
At initialization, ncurses inspects the TERM environment variable for
special cases where VT100 forms-drawing characters (and the
corresponding alternate character set terminfo capabilities) are known
to be unsupported by terminal types that otherwise claim VT100
compatibility. Specifically, when running in a UTF-8 locale, the Linux
virtual console device and the GNU screen(1) program ignore them. Set
this variable to a nonzero value to instruct ncurses that the
terminal's ACS support is broken; the library then outputs Unicode code
points that correspond to the forms-drawing characters. Set it to zero
(or a non-integer) to disable the special check for terminal type names
matching "linux" or "screen", directing ncurses to assume that the ACS
feature works if the terminal type description advertises it.
As an alternative to use of this variable, ncurses checks for an
extended terminfo numeric capability U8 that can be compiled using "tic
-x". Examples follow.
# linux console, if patched to provide working
# VT100 shift-in/shift-out, with corresponding font.
linux-vt100|linux console with VT100 line-graphics,
U8#0, use=linux,
# uxterm with vt100Graphics resource set to false
xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics,
U8#1, use=xterm,
The two-character name "U8" was chosen to permit its use via ncurses's
termcap interface.
At initialization, ncurses (in its debugging configuration) checks for
this variable's presence. If defined with an integral value, the
library calls curses_trace(3x) with that value as the argument.
The TERM variable denotes the terminal type. Each is distinct, though
many are similar. It is commonly set by terminal emulators to help
applications find a workable terminal description. Some choose a
popular approximation such as "ansi", "vt100", or "xterm" rather than
an exact fit to their capabilities. Not infrequently, an application
will have problems with that approach; for example, a key stroke may
not operate correctly, or produce no effect but seeming garbage
characters on the screen.
Setting TERM has no effect on hardware operation; it affects the way
applications communicate with the terminal. Likewise, as a general
rule (xterm(1) being a rare exception), terminal emulators that allow
you to specify TERM as a parameter or configuration value do not change
their behavior to match that setting.
If ncurses is configured with termcap support, it checks for a terminal
type description in termcap format if one in terminfo format is not
available. Setting this variable directs ncurses to ignore the usual
termcap database location, /etc/termcap; see TERMPATH below. TERMCAP
should contain either a terminal description (with newlines stripped
out), or a file name indicating where the information required by the
TERM environment variable is stored.
ncurses can be configured to read terminal type description databases
in various locations using different formats. This variable overrides
the default location.
o Descriptions in terminfo format are normally stored in a directory
tree using subdirectories named for the common first letters of the
terminal types named therein. System V used this scheme.
o If ncurses is configured to use hashed databases, then TERMINFO may
name its location, such as /usr/share/terminfo.db, rather than
/usr/share/terminfo/.
The hashed database uses less disk space and is a little faster than
the directory tree. However, some applications assume the existence of
the directory tree and read it directly, ignoring the terminfo API.
o If ncurses is configured with termcap support, this variable may
contain the location of a termcap file.
o If the value of TERMINFO begins with "hex:" or "b64:", ncurses uses
the remainder of the value as a compiled terminfo description. You
might produce the base64 format using infocmp(1m).
TERMINFO=$(infocmp -0 -Q2 -q)
export TERMINFO
ncurses uses the compiled description only if it corresponds to the
terminal type identified by TERM.
Setting TERMINFO is the simplest, but not the only, way to direct
ncurses to a terminal database. The search path is as follows.
o the last terminal database to which the running ncurses application
wrote, if any
o the location specified by the TERMINFO environment variable
o $HOME/.terminfo
o locations listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable
o location(s) configured and compiled into ncurses
o /usr/share/terminfo
This variable specifies a list of locations, akin to PATH, in which
ncurses searches for the terminal type descriptions described by
TERMINFO above. The list items are separated by colons on Unix and
semicolons on OS/2 EMX. System V terminfo lacks a corresponding
feature; TERMINFO_DIRS is an ncurses extension.
If TERMCAP does not hold a terminal type description or file name, then
ncurses checks the contents of TERMPATH, a list of locations, akin to
PATH, in which it searches for termcap terminal type descriptions. The
list items are separated by colons on Unix and semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
If both TERMCAP and TERMPATH are unset or invalid, ncurses searches for
the files /etc/termcap, /usr/share/misc/termcap, and $HOME/.termcap, in
that order.
Many different ncurses configurations are possible, determined by the
options given to the configure script when building the library. Run
the script with the --help option to peruse them all. A few are of
particular significance to the application developer employing ncurses.
--disable-overwrite
Avoid file name conflicts between ncurses and an existing curses
installation on the system. The standard C preprocessor inclusion
for the curses library is as follows.
#include <curses.h>
If ncurses is installed disabling overwrite, it puts its header
files in a subdirectory. Here is an example.
#include <ncurses/curses.h>
With --disable-overwrite, installation also omits a symbolic link
that would cause the compiler's -lcurses option to link object
files with ncurses instead of the system curses library.
The directory used by this configuration of ncurses is shown in
section "SYNOPSIS" above.
--enable-widec
(default for ABI 6+ since 2023-10-21) Enable support for wide
characters. The configure script renames the ncurses library (and
the tinfo library, if --with-termlib is also specified), appending
"w". An application desirous of wide-character support then uses
-lncursesw (or -ltinfow) instead of -lncurses (or -ltinfo) as its
linker option. The ncurses++, panel, form, and menu libraries are
renamed similarly.
An application must also define certain C preprocessor symbols to
enable wide-character features in curses header files to use the
extended (wide-character) functions. The symbol that enables
these features has changed since X/Open Curses Issue 4.
o Originally, the wide-character feature required the symbol
_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED, but that was valid only for XPG4
(1996).
o Later, that was deemed conflicting with an _XOPEN_SOURCE value
of 500.
o As of mid-2018, no ncurses feature requires a _XOPEN_SOURCE
value greater than 600. However, X/Open Curses Issue 7 (2009)
recommends defining it to 700.
o Alternatively, you can enable the feature by defining
NCURSES_WIDECHAR with the caveat that some header file other
than curses.h may require a specific value for _XOPEN_SOURCE
(or a system-specific symbol).
The curses.h header file installed for the wide-character library
is designed to be compatible with the non-wide library's header.
Only the size of the WINDOW structure differs; few applications
require more than pointers to WINDOW.
If ncurses's header files are installed allowing overwrite (the
default, but see --disable-overwrite above), the wide-character
library's headers should be installed last by packaging systems
and similar, to allow applications to be built using either
library from the same set of headers.
--with-pthread
Enable support for multi-threaded applications. The configure
script renames the ncurses library (and the tinfo library, if
--with-termlib is also specified), appending "t" (before any "w"
added by --enable-widec). An application desirous of support for
multiple threads of execution then uses, for example, -lncursest
(or -ltinfot) instead of -lncurses (or -ltinfo) as its linker
option. The ncurses++, panel, form, and menu libraries are
renamed similarly.
ncursest and ncursestw replace global variables such as LINES with
macros allowing read-only access. At the same time, they provide
functions to set these values. Very few applications require
changes to work with this convention.
--with-shared
--with-normal
--with-debug
--with-profile
Mandate compilation of the ncurses library (and the tinfo library,
if --with-termlib is also specified) in the specified forms. The
shared and normal (static) library names differ by their suffixes,
as with libncurses.so and libncurses.a. The debugging and
profiling libraries add a "_g" and a "_p" to the roots of these
respective names, forming libncurses_g.so and libncurses_p.a, for
example. The ncurses++, panel, form, and menu libraries are made
available similarly.
--with-termlib
Provide ncurses's lower-level terminal interface functions (those
that do not depend on the SCREEN and WINDOW abstractions) in a
library named tinfo. This arrangement reduces an application's
linking and/or loading times when it does not require curses's
higher-level features.
The following pages document curses functions provided by tinfo.
o curs_extend(3x) - miscellaneous ncurses extensions
o curs_inopts(3x) - curses input options
o curs_kernel(3x) - low-level curses routines
o curs_termattrs(3x) - curses environment query routines
o curs_termcap(3x) - curses emulation of termcap
o curs_terminfo(3x) - curses interface to terminfo database
o curs_util(3x) - miscellaneous curses utility routines
--with-trace
Expose the curses_trace(3x) function in the ncurses(w) shared and
static libraries. Normally, it is available only in the debugging
library. (If --with-termlib is also specified, tinfo(w) rather
than ncurses(w) supplies the deprecated trace(3x) function.) An
application's configuration script should check for the function's
existence rather than assuming its confinement to the debugging
library.
/usr/share/tabset
tab stop initialization database
/usr/share/terminfo
compiled terminal capability database
X/Open Curses permits most functions it specifies to be made available
as macros as well. ncurses does so
o for functions that return values via their parameters,
o to support obsolete features,
o to reuse functions (for example, those that move the cursor before
another operation), and
o in a few special cases.
If the standard output file descriptor of an ncurses program is
redirected to something that is not a terminal device, the library
writes screen updates to the standard error file descriptor. This was
an undocumented feature of SVr3 curses.
See subsection "Header Files" below regarding symbols exposed by
inclusion of curses.h.
ncurses enables an application to capture mouse events from certain
terminals, including xterm(1); see curs_mouse(3x).
ncurses provides a means of responding to window resizing events, as
when running in a GUI terminal emulator application such as xterm; see
resizeterm(3x) and wresize(3x).
ncurses allows an application to query the terminal for the presence of
a wide variety of special keys; see has_key(3x).
ncurses extends the fixed set of function key capabilities specified by
X/Open Curses by allowing the application programmer to define
additional key events at runtime; see define_key(3x), key_defined(3x),
keybound(3x), and keyok(3x).
ncurses can exploit the capabilities of terminals implementing
ISO 6429/ECMA-48 SGR 39 and SGR 49 sequences, which allow an
application to reset the terminal to its original foreground and
background colors. From a user's perspective, the application is able
to draw colored text on a background whose color is set independently,
providing better control over color contrasts. See default_colors(3x).
An ncurses application can eschew knowledge of SCREEN and WINDOW
structure internals, instead using accessor functions such as
is_cbreak(3x) and is_scrollok(3x).
ncurses enables an application to direct its output to a printer
attached to the terminal device; see curs_print(3x).
ncurses offers slk_attr(3x) as a counterpart of attr_get(3x) for soft-
label key lines, and extended_slk_color(3x) as a form of slk_color(3x)
that can gather color information from them when many colors are
supported.
ncurses permits modification of unctrl(3x)'s behavior; see
use_legacy_coding(3x).
Rudimentary support for multi-threaded applications may be available;
see curs_threads(3x).
Functions that ease the management of multiple screens can be exposed;
see curs_sp_funcs(3x).
To aid applications to debug their memory usage, ncurses optionally
offers functions to more aggressively free memory it dynamically
allocates itself; see curs_memleaks(3x).
The library facilitates auditing and troubleshooting of its behavior;
see curs_trace(3x).
Compiling ncurses with the option -DUSE_GETCAP causes it to fall back
to reading /etc/termcap if the terminal setup code cannot find a term-
info entry corresponding to TERM. Use of this feature is not
recommended, as it essentially includes an entire termcap compiler in
the ncurses startup code, at a cost in memory usage and application
launch latency.
PDCurses and NetBSD curses incorporate some ncurses extensions.
Individual man pages indicate where this is the case.
X/Open Curses defines two levels of conformance, "base" and "enhanced".
The latter includes several additional features, such as wide-character
and color support. ncurses intends base-level conformance with X/Open
Curses, and supports all features of its enhanced level except the
untic utility.
Differences between X/Open Curses and ncurses are documented in the
"PORTABILITY" sections of applicable man pages.
In many cases, X/Open Curses is vague about error conditions, omitting
some of the SVr4 documentation.
Unlike other implementations, ncurses checks pointer parameters, such
as those to WINDOW structures, to ensure that they are not null. This
is done primarily to guard against programmer error. The standard
interface does not provide a way for the library to tell an application
which of several possible errors occurred. An application that relies
on ncurses to check its function parameters for validity limits its
portability and robustness.
In historical curses implementations, delays embedded in the terminfo
capabilities carriage_return (cr), scroll_forward (ind), cursor_left
(cub1), form_feed (ff), and tab (ht) activated corresponding delay bits
in the Unix terminal driver. ncurses performs all padding by sending
NUL bytes to the device. This method is slightly more expensive, but
narrows the interface to the Unix kernel significantly and
correspondingly increases the package's portability.
The header file curses.h itself includes the header files stdio.h and
unctrl.h.
X/Open Curses has more to say,
The inclusion of curses.h may make visible all symbols from the
headers stdio.h, term.h, termios.h, and wchar.h.
but does not finish the story. A more complete account follows.
o The first curses, in 4BSD, provided a curses.h file.
BSD curses code included curses.h and unctrl.h from an internal
header file curses.ext, where "ext" abbreviated "externs".
The implementations of printw and scanw used undocumented internal
functions of the standard I/O library (_doprnt and _doscan), but
nothing in curses.h itself relied upon stdio.h.
o SVr2 curses added newterm, which relies upon stdio.h because its
function prototype employs the FILE type.
SVr4 curses added putwin and getwin, which also use stdio.h.
X/Open Curses specifies all three of these functions.
SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses do not require the developer to
include stdio.h before curses.h. Both document use of curses as
requiring only curses.h.
As a result, standard curses.h always includes stdio.h.
o X/Open Curses and SVr4 curses are inconsistent with respect to
unctrl.h.
As noted in curs_util(3x), ncurses includes unctrl.h from curses.h
(as SVr4 does).
o X/Open Curses's comments about term.h and termios.h may refer to
HP-UX and AIX.
HP-UX curses includes term.h from curses.h to declare setupterm in
curses.h, but ncurses and Solaris curses do not.
AIX curses includes term.h and termios.h. Again, ncurses and
Solaris curses do not.
o X/Open Curses says that curses.h may include term.h, but does not
require it to do so.
Some programs use functions declared in both curses.h and term.h,
and must include both header files in the same module.
The header files supplied by ncurses include the standard library
headers required for its declarations, so ncurses's own header
files can be included in any order. For portability even to old
AIX systems, include curses.h before term.h.
o X/Open Curses says "may make visible" because including a header
file does not necessarily make visible all of the symbols in it
(consider #ifdef and similar).
For instance, ncurses's curses.h may include wchar.h if the proper
symbol is defined, and if ncurses is configured for wide-character
support. If wchar.h is included, its symbols may be made visible
depending on the value of the _XOPEN_SOURCE feature test macro.
o X/Open Curses mandates an application's inclusion of one standard C
library header in a special case: stdarg.h before curses.h to
prototype the functions vw_printw and vw_scanw (as well as the
obsolete vwprintw and vwscanw). Each of these takes a variadic
argument list, a va_list parameter, like that of printf(3).
SVr3 curses introduced the two obsolete functions, and X/Open
Curses the others. In between, SVr4 curses provided for the
possibility that an application might include either varargs.h or
stdarg.h. These represented contrasting approaches to handling
variadic argument lists. The older interface, varargs.h, used a
pointer to char for variadic functions' va_list parameter. Later,
the list acquired its own standard data type, va_list, defined in
stdarg.h, empowering the compiler to check the types of a function
call's actual parameters against the formal ones declared in its
prototype.
No conforming implementations of X/Open Curses require an
application to include stdarg.h before curses.h because they either
have allowed for a special type, or, like ncurses, they include
stdarg.h themselves to provide a portable interface.
Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey. Based on pcurses
by Pavel Curtis.
curs_variables(3x), terminfo(5), user_caps(5)
ncurses 6.5 2025-10-04 ncurses(3x)